Construction of performance management system for pharmacy department of tertiary public hospitals under new situation / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for improving the work efficiency of staff and promoting the discipline construction of pharmacy department. METHODS By analyzing the current situation of performance management in the pharmacy department of our hospital， the key successful factors were sorted out， strategic decoding was carried out and key performance indicators were extracted. The quarterly and annual performance appraisal forms were formulated for the departments of pharmacy warehouse， outpatient pharmacy， ward pharmacy， clinical pharmacy department， prescription examination center， laboratory and other departments； the performance management information platform was built. The work efficiency and output of each department were compared half a year before and after the implementation of the performance management plan. RESULTS After the implementation of the program， the average queuing time for drug collection in the outpatient department was shortened from 5 minutes to 3 minutes， the average number of dispensing infusion bags per hour in the pharmacy intravenous admixture services increased from 50 bags to 60 bags， and antibacterial use density of the hospital decreased from 42.7 DDD（defined daily doses） to 40.2 DDD. The number of academic papers published had increased from 8 to 10， and the satisfaction of clinical departments with ward pharmacies increased from 85% to 95%. CONCLUSIONS The performance management system has been successfully established in pharmacy department of our hospital， which can improve the enthusiasm of pharmacists， reflect the value of pharmaceutical care， and promote the discipline construction of pharmacy.

Relación entre las competencias profesionales de los enfermeros en emergencias y el producto del cuidado de enfermería / Relationship between emergency nurses' professional competencies and the Nursing care product / Relação das competências profissionais do enfermeiro em emergência com o produto do cuidar em enfermagem

Objetivo: relacionar las competencias profesionales de los enfermeros de urgencia y emergencia con el producto del cuidado de enfermería. Método: estudio transversal, realizado en las unidades de urgencia y emergencia de dos hospitales públicos. Participaron 91 enfermeros, 3 residentes de enfermería, 4 coordinadores y 1 gestor. Se utilizaron dos instrumentos validados: 1) Escala de Competencia de las Acciones de los Enfermeros en Emergencias y 2) Evaluación del Producto del Cuidado de Enfermería. Se utilizaron factores y dominios, respectivamente. Se aplicaron estadística descriptiva, alfa de Cronbach, pruebas de Wilcoxon y correlación de Spearman (p<0,05). Resultados: para las competencias profesionales se registraron valores más altos en la autoevaluación (p<0,001). En las 1.410 evaluaciones del producto del cuidado de enfermería, prevaleció el puntaje "bueno" (n=1034 - 73,33%). El dominio "dimensionamiento del personal de enfermería" se relacionó con los factores "práctica profesional" r=0,52719, "relaciones en el trabajo" r=0,54319, "desafío positivo" r=0,51199, "acción dirigida" r=0,43229, "conducta constructiva" r=0,25601 y "adaptación al cambio" r=0,22095; el dominio "seguimiento y transferencia del cuidado", con "práctica profesional" r=0,47244, "relaciones en el trabajo" r=0,46993, "desafío positivo" r=0,41660 y "adaptación al cambio" r=0,31905 y el dominio "satisfacción de las necesidades asistenciales", con "práctica profesional" r=0,32933, "relaciones en el trabajo" r=0,31168, "desafío positivo" r=0,29845 y "adaptación al cambio" r=0,28817. Conclusión: hay relación entre las competencias profesionales y los dominios del producto del cuidado de enfermería.

Objective: to relate urgency and emergency nurses' professional competencies with the Nursing care product. Method: a cross-sectional study conducted in the urgency and emergency units of two public hospitals. The participants were 91 nurses, 3 Nursing residents, 4 coordinators and 1 manager. Two validated instruments were used: 1) Competence Scale of Actions of Nurses in Emergencies and 2) Nursing Care Product Evaluation. Factors and domains were used, respectively. Descriptive statistics were applied, as well as Cronbach's alpha, Wilcoxon and Spearman's correlation tests (p<0.05). Results: in the professional competencies, higher values were verified for self-evaluation (p<0.001). In all 1,410 Nursing care product assessments, there was predominance of the "Good" score (n=1,034 - 73.33%). The "Nursing staffing" domain was related to the "Professional practice" (r=0.52719), "Relationships at work" (r=0.54319), "Positive challenge" (r=0.51199), "Targeted action" (r=0.43229), "Constructive behavior" (r=0.25601) and "Adaptation to change" (r=0.22095) factors; the "Care monitoring and transfer" domain, with "Professional practice" (r=0.47244), "Relationships at work" (r=0.46993), "Positive challenge" (r=0.41660) and "Adaptation to change" (r=0.31905) and the "Meeting care needs" domain, with "Professional practice" (r=0.32933), "Relationships at work" (r=0.31168), "Positive challenge" (r=0.29845) and "Adaptation to change" (r=0.28817). Conclusion: there is a relationship between professional competencies and the Nursing care product domains.

Objetivo: relacionar as competências profissionais do enfermeiro em urgência e emergência com o produto do cuidar em enfermagem. Método: estudo transversal, realizado nas unidades de urgência e emergência de dois hospitais públicos. Participaram 91 enfermeiros, 3 residentes em enfermagem, 4 coordenadores e 1 gerente. Utilizaram-se dois instrumentos validados: 1) Escala de Competências das Ações dos Enfermeiros em Emergências e 2) Avaliação do Produto do Cuidar em Enfermagem. Utilizaram-se fatores e domínios, respectivamente. Aplicaram-se estatística descritiva, alfa de Cronbach, testes Wilcoxon e correlação de Spearman (p<0,05). Resultados: em competências profissionais, verificaram-se maiores valores para autoavaliação (p<0,001). Nas 1.410 avaliações do produto do cuidar em enfermagem, predominou o escore "bom" (n=1034 - 73,33%). O domínio "dimensionamento de pessoal de enfermagem" relacionou-se com os fatores "prática profissional" r=0,52719, "relações no trabalho" r=0,54319, "desafio positivo" r=0,51199, "ação direcionada" r=0,43229, "conduta construtiva" r=0,25601 e "adaptação à mudança" r=0,22095; o domínio "acompanhamento e transferência do cuidado", com "prática profissional" r=0,47244, "relações no trabalho" r=0,46993, "desafio positivo" r=0,41660 e "adaptação à mudança" r=0,31905 e o domínio "atendimento das necessidades assistenciais", com "prática profissional" r=0,32933, "relações no trabalho" r=0,31168, "desafio positivo" r=0,29845 e "adaptação à mudança" r=0,28817. Conclusão: existe relação entre as competências profissionais e os domínios do produto do cuidar em enfermagem.

Síndrome de burnout y desempeño laboral en el sector salud del Perú

El sector de la salud se encuentra actualmente con una alta demanda de atención tanto en la atención primaria como de emergencia dentro de los centros hospitalario. Por ello, los profesionales de la salud tienen una alta probabilidad de desarrollar cuadros de estrés laboral por las características de su trabajo, y la rapidez en la atención con la cual tienen que lidiar día tras día. Objetivo. Evaluar la relación del síndrome de burnout con el desempeño laboral en el sector salud de Perú. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se estableció bajo el enfoque cuantitativo, de análisis correlacional, con diseño no experimental, de corte transversal. La muestra considerada fue de 75 servidores de salud perteneciente a un centro de salud del territorio peruano; como la técnica se usó encuesta y el instrumento el utilizado fue el cuestionario tipo Likert. Resultados. Se evidencio que un 41,4% los encuestados consideran que existe un alto nivel de síndrome de burnout, y que se tiene un nivel regular de desempeño laboral en un 45,3%, adicionalmente un valor de -0,637 de Rho de Spearman con una significancia de 0,000. Conclusiones. El síndrome de burnout se relaciona de forma negativa moderada con el desempeño laboral en el sector salud del Perú, denotando que en la medida que se tenga un nivel bajo de síndrome de burnout, genera un mejor desempeño laboral y viceversa.

The health sector is currently facing a high demand for care in both primary care and emergency care within hospital centers. Therefore, health professionals have a high probability of developing occupational stress due to the characteristics of their work, and the speed of care with which they have to deal day after day. Objective. To evaluate the relationship between burnout syndrome and work performance in the Peruvian health sector. Materials and methods. The study was established under a quantitative approach, correlational analysis, with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design. The sample considered was 75 health workers belonging to a health center in Peru; the technique used was a survey and the instrument used was a Likert-type questionnaire. Results. It was found that 41.4% of the respondents consider that there is a high level of burnout syndrome, and that 45.3% have a regular level of work performance, in addition to a value of -0.637 of Spearman's Rho with a significance of 0.000. Conclusions. burnout syndrome is moderately negatively related to work performance in the Peruvian health sector, indicating that the lower the level of burnout syndrome, the better the work performance and vice versa.

Atualmente, o setor de saúde enfrenta uma alta demanda tanto de atendimento primário quanto de atendimento de emergência em hospitais. Como resultado, os profissionais de saúde têm uma alta probabilidade de desenvolver estresse relacionado ao trabalho devido às características de seu trabalho e à velocidade do atendimento com que têm de lidar diariamente. Objetivo. Avaliar a relação entre a síndrome de burnout e o desempenho no trabalho no setor de saúde no Peru. Materiais e métodos. O estudo foi realizado com uma abordagem quantitativa, análise correlacional, com um desenho não experimental e transversal. A amostra considerada foi de 75 profissionais de saúde pertencentes a um centro de saúde no Peru; a técnica utilizada foi uma pesquisa e o instrumento utilizado foi um questionário do tipo Likert. Resultados. Verificou-se que 41,4% dos entrevistados consideram que há um alto nível de síndrome de burnout e que 45,3% têm um nível regular de desempenho no trabalho, além de um valor de -0,637 de Spearman's Rho com uma significância de 0,000. Conclusões. A síndrome de burnout está moderadamente relacionada de forma negativa ao desempenho no trabalho no setor de saúde peruano, indicando que quanto menor o nível de síndrome de burnout, melhor o desempenho no trabalho e vice-versa.

Comparativo de indicadores de estrutura das unidades de saúde entre os ciclos de 2013-2018 do PMAQ / Comparison of health facilities structure indicators between the 2013-2018 PMAQ cycles

O Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica foi parte importante do processo de negociação e pactuação das três esferas de gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde e objetiva avaliar os resultados da Atenção Básica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como se comportaram os indicadores de estrutura nas Unidades de Saúde brasileiras que participaram do segundo e terceiro ciclo do PMAQ­AB, a fim de compará-los. Trata-se de estudo ecológico transversal, com análise de banco de dados de acesso público dos municípios brasileiros. Os desfechos considerados foram o número de indicadores de estrutura para cada equipe e a variação na quantidade de indicadores de estrutura. O nordeste foi a região com maior adesão de equipes de saúde foi a Nordeste. Entre os indicadores de estrutura, houve melhora significativa na construção de salas de vacina e salas para dispensação de medicamentos.

The National Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality of Primary Health Care was an important part of the negotiation and agreement process among the three levels of management of the Brazilian Unified Health System, aiming to evaluate theresults of Primary Care.The objective of this study was to evaluate how structure indicators behaved in Brazilian health units that participated in the second and third cycles of the program, in order to discuss the hypothesis that resources produce improvements in structure indicators. This is a cross-sectional ecological study that analyzed publicly available databases of Brazilian municipalities. The outcomes considered were the number of structure indicators for each team and the variation in the quantity of structure indicators.The Northeast region had the highest adherence of health teams. Among the structure indicators, there was a significant improvement in the construction of vaccination rooms and rooms for dispensing medication.

Construção e validação de cenário clínico e checklist para avaliação de competências na reanimação cardiopulmonar / Construction and validation of a clinical scenario and checklist for assessing cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills / Construcción y validación de un escenario clínico y lista de control para evaluar las competencias en reanimación cardiopulmonar

RESUMO Objetivos: construir e validar cenário simulado e checklist para avaliação de habilidades no atendimento do paciente hemodinamicamente instável com evolução à Parada Cardiorrespiratória; e testar aplicabilidade à população-alvo, avaliando habilidades e satisfação/autoconfiança com a aprendizagem. Método: estudo metodológico realizado em três etapas (desenvolvimento do cenário e checklist, validação por juízes e teste-piloto) no período entre abril de 2020 e setembro de 2021, no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Participaram 14 juízes e 24 estudantes de enfermagem. Resultados: o cenário e checklist alcançaram Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo superior a 90. As habilidades foram desenvolvidas adequadamente, com média 4,71 ± 0,24 na escala de satisfação-autoconfiança, e 4,83 ± 0,25 para design da simulação. Conclusão: o cenário poderá contribuir para: aperfeiçoar as atividades educativas na graduação e educação em saúde; e subsidiar estudos futuros, a fim de ampliar a qualidade do atendimento e da assistência ao paciente hemodinamicamente instável com evolução à parada cardiorrespiratória.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to build and validate a simulated scenario and checklist to assess skills in the care of hemodynamically unstable patients with evolution to Cardiorespiratory Arrest, and to test applicability to the target population, assessing skills and satisfaction/self-confidence with learning. Method: methodological study carried out in three stages (development of the scenario and checklist, validation by judges and pilot test) between April 2020 and September 2021, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fourteen judges and 24 nursing students participated. Results: the scenario and checklist achieved a Content Validity Coefficient greater than 90. The skills were adequately developed, with a mean of 4.71 ± 0.24 on the satisfaction-self-confidence scale, and 4.83 ± 0.25 for simulation design. Conclusion: The scenario may contribute to improving educational activities in undergraduate and health education and subsidize future studies to increase the quality of care and assistance to hemodynamically unstable patients with evolution to cardiac arrest.

RESUMEN Objetivos: construir y validar un escenario simulado y una lista de verificación para evaluar las habilidades en la atención de pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables con evolución a Parada Cardiorrespiratoria; y probar la aplicabilidad a la población objetivo, evaluando las habilidades y la satisfacción/autoconfianza con el aprendizaje. Método: estudio metodológico realizado en tres etapas (desarrollo del escenario y lista de verificación, validación por jueces y prueba piloto) entre abril de 2020 y septiembre de 2021, en el estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Participaron 14 jueces y 24 estudiantes de enfermería. Resultados: el escenario y la lista de verificación alcanzaron un Coeficiente de Validez de Contenido superior a 90. Las habilidades se desarrollaron adecuadamente, con una media de 4,71 ± 0,24 en la escala de satisfacción-autoconfianza, y de 4,83 ± 0,25 para el diseño de la simulación. Conclusión: el escenario puede contribuir a: mejorar las actividades educativas de pregrado y formación sanitaria; y subvencionar futuros estudios para aumentar la calidad de la atención y asistencia a pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables con evolución a parada cardiaca.

Satisfacción laboral de los académicos de la licenciatura de cirujano dentista de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / ob satisfaction of the dental surgeon academics from the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Objetivo : Conocer la satisfacción laboral en los académicos de la licenciatura de Cirujano Dentista del Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en el período 2019. Material y métodos : Estudio observacional, prolectivo, transversal, descriptivo. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 123 académicos, a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario de 20 ítems con respuestas en escala Likert (α de Cronbach 0.845). Resultados : Del total de encuestados, el 45% (55) del sexo masculino, 55% (68) del femenino, con una media de edad de 36.5 (± 9.6) años. El 48% (59) de los académicos se encuentran satisfechos con el trabajo docente que realizan, en contraste, el 25% (31) está muy insatisfechos. Entre los factores que influyen en la insatisfacción se encontró: La carga horaria, sobre todo los que tienen en turno mixto, el poco apoyo que la institución da para estudiar un posgrado, el estrés que conlleva la responsabilidad de supervisar a los estudiantes en el área clínica en la atención a pacientes. La insatisfacción se presenta en mayor proporción en académicos con una edad ≥ 50 años. Conclusiones : Los factores referidos que influyen en la insatisfacción son: el bajo salario, las inadecuadas instalaciones para impartir clase, la falta de apoyo para la capacitación por parte de la institución, el no reconocimiento al trabajo realizado. Llama la atención que, en la licenciatura de Cirujano Dentista donde el trabajo en equipo es de suma importancia, este no se dé o se dé muy pocas veces.

Objective : To know the job satisfaction in the Dental Surgeon academics from the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, during 2019. Methods : Observational, prolective, cross-sectional, descriptive study. The study population consisted of 123 academics, to whom a 20-item questionnaire was applied with responses on the Likert scale (Cronbach's α 0.845). Results : Of the total number of respondents, 45% (55) were male, 55% (68) were female, with a mean age of 36.5 (± 9.6) years. 48% (59) of the academics are satisfied with the teaching work they do, in contrast, 25% (31) are very dissatisfied. Among the factors that influence dissatisfaction, the following was found: The workload, especially those who have a mixed shift, the little support that the institution gives to study a postgraduate course, the stress that comes with the responsibility of supervising students in the area clinic in patient care. Dissatisfaction occurs in a higher proportion in academics aged ≥ 50 years. Conclusions : The referred factors that influence dissatisfaction are: low salary, inadequate facilities to teach classes, lack of support for training by the institution, non-recognition of the work done. It is striking that, in the Dental Surgeon degree where teamwork is of the utmost importance, this does not occur or occurs very rarely.

Exploration and practice of rational drug use control mechanism based on performance appraisal / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To further improve the rational drug use control mechanism based on performance appraisal， explore new paths of pharmaceutical care and promote the rational clinical drug use management to deepen development. METHODS The reform of pharmaceutical management system in our hospital was performed through implementing the “ten-point system of prescription behavior management”， supplemented by the two carriages of “strengthening prescription review” and “standardizing clinical medication”. By implementing a number of auxiliary measures such as man-machine integration pre-prescription review， improving pharmacists’ prescription review ability， optimizing prescription review mechanism in real time， regulating physicians’ off-label drug use behavior， and improving drug evaluation mechanism， pre-control and in-process intervention were completed. The evaluation results were incorporated into performance assessment by referring to the “ten-point system of prescription behavior management”， so as to realize multi-dimensional and fully closed-loop rational drug use management. The effects of management were evaluated by comparing the statistical results of related indexes before and after the management. RESULTS Compared with before management， irrational rate of prescriptions and medical orders in our hospital in 2022 decreased significantly， compared to the same period in 2020； the irrational rate of inpatient medical orders decreased from 5.00% in 2020 to 2.69% in 2022， and that of outpatient prescriptions decreased from 4.59% to 2.48%； the frequency of communication between clinical pharmacists and physicians increased； the times of clinical consultations increased from 16 to 58， and doctors’ acceptance of intervention for irrational drug use had improved from 52％ to 87％ ； physicians had a deeper understanding and recognition of clinical pharmaceutical care， the awareness of clinical rational drug use had been significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS The rational drug use control mechanism guided by performance appraisal further standardizes the issuance of prescriptions and medical orders， and makes physician-pharmacist cooperation more prominent， so as to realize the closed-loop pharmaceutical management of “pre- review， in-process supervision and post-evaluation”， and promote rational drug use in clinical practice.

Conflito distributivo: análise do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) em duas capitais nordestinas / Conflicto distributivo: análisis del Programa de Mejora del Acceso y Calidad de la Atención Básica (PMAQ-AB) en dos capitales del nordeste de Brasil / Distributive conflict: analysis of the Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care (PMAQ-AB) in two Brazilian northeastern capitals

Este artigo analisa a execução do PMAQ-AB a partir de sua contextualização em um cenário político nacional de profundas transformações, desde o reformismo fraco que promoveu lenta extensão de direitos até o contrarreformismo forte da restauração neoliberal. Para debater os elementos relacionados ao trabalho e às disputas pela distribuição dos recursos públicos, foi realizado estudo de caso com trabalhadores, gestores e conselheiros de saúde em duas capitais do nordeste brasileiro. Os resultados evidenciam o acirramento do conflito distributivo e o resultado desfavorável aos trabalhadores no contexto pós-golpe parlamentar de 2016. As dinâmicas locais expõem processos de contração salarial e individualização das relações de trabalho e a reafirmação da meritocracia como justificativa ideológica da precarização. A isso, trabalhadores se contrapõem pela reafirmação de sua condição coletiva de classe, em favor de benefícios derivados do PMAQ, como recomposição salarial para todos.(AU)

Este artículo analiza la realización del PMAQ-AB a partir de su contextualización en un escenario político nacional de profundas transformaciones, desde el reformismo débil que promovió una lenta extensión de derechos contra el reformismo fuerte de la restauración neoliberal. Para discutir los elementos relacionados al trabajo y a las disputas por la distribución en los recursos públicos se realizó un estudio de caso con trabajadores, gestores y consejeros de salud en dos capitales del nordeste brasileño. Los resultados ponen en evidencia el recrudecimiento del conflicto distributivo y el resultado desfavorable para los trabajadores en el contexto post-golpe parlamentario de 2016. Las dinámicas locales exponen procesos de contracción salarial e individualización de las relaciones de trabajo y la reafirmación de la meritocracia como justificativa ideológica de la precarización. A eso se contraponen los trabajadores por medio de la reafirmación de su condición colectiva de clase, en favor del beneficio derivado del PMAQ con la recomposición salarial para todos.(AU)

This article analyzes the implementation of the Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care (PMAQ-AB) in the context of a national political scenario of deep transformations, from the weak reformism that promoted slow extension of rights to the strong counter-reformism of neoliberal restoration. It is a case study with health workers, managers, and counselors in two capital cities in northeastern Brazil, discussing matters of work and distributive disputes of public resources. Results show the intensification of these conflicts in health and the unfavorable outcome for workers after the parliamentary coup in 2016 political context. Local dynamics expose the wage contraction and individualization of labor relations and the reassertion of meritocracy as an ideological ground for precariousness. Workers oppose this, reaffirming their collective class condition, favoring the benefit derived from PMAQ for fully regaining their group wages.(AU)

Establishment and application of performance appraisal system oriented to improve blood collection and supply / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To establish a comprehensive performance appraisal system, in order to promote blood collection, preparation and supply. 【Methods】 The performance reform leading group headed by the central leader was set up to manage the overall work, with performance reform office set up to formulate the central performance reform plan and the target assessment plan. The operation effectiveness was evaluated by comparing the index changes in blood collection, preparation and supply. 【Results】 Compared with before the implementation of performance (from 2018 to 2019, a total of 24 months), except for the total monthly collection of street whole blood, the per person of street monthly blood collection and the total and per person monthly collection of apheresis platelets were significantly increased (P<0.05) during the process of blood collection. The total and per person monthly preparation of cryoprecipitates and virus inactivates plasma were significantly increased (P<0.05) during the process of blood preparation. The total and per person monthly supply of apheresis platelets, cryoprecipitates and virus inactivates plasma were significantly increased (P<0.05) during the process of blood supply. 【Conclusion】 The adjustment and implementation of performance reform program optimized the performance salary distribution system, and the formulation and implementation of target assessment program significantly promoted blood collection, preparation and supply.

Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of digestive tract. In 2020， 1.93 million new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed globally， ranking third in the global incidence spectrum， and 930 000 new deaths were reported， ranking second in the global cause of death spectrum. Meanwhile， the medical cost of metastatic colorectal cancer is the highest among all stages. A large number of studies have demonstrated that traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） treatment can bring clinical benefits to patients with metastatic colorectal cancer with unique efficacy. In order to further standardize the TCM diagnosis and treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer and improve the level of TCM diagnosis and treatment， Xiyuan Hospital， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences， together with other relevant units in China， according to the guideline development process of the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development and the relevant requirements of the Clinical Evidence Grading Criteria on TCM Based on Evidence Body， the Regulations for Group Standards of China Association of Chinese Medicine and others， combined with the characteristics of TCM diagnosis and treatment and the actual situation in China， the Guidelines for TCM Diagnosis and Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer was developed in accordance with the Catalogue of TCM Diagnosis and Treatment Plans for 105 Diseases in 24 Specialties issued by Department of Medical Administration of National Administration of TCM.

Practice of promoting high-quality development in a children′s hospital using public hospital performance appraisal as a key point / 中华医院管理杂志

The performance appraisal of tertiary public hospitals is key to their high-quality development. Since 2019, Children′s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine has taken the following measures to leverage performance appraisal. Namely promoting medical technology innovation to enhance the diagnosis and treatment capabilities of difficult and critical diseases; Reasonably setting a target system, improving the performance appraisal mechanism of the hospital; Improving operational efficiency, enhancing the sense of gain by children patients; Building a high-quality talent pool, promoting sustainable development, and effectively promoting high-quality development of hospitals. These measures can provide reference for promoting the high-quality development of hospitals.

Competência profissional do enfermeiro na unidade de trauma / Professional competence of nurses in the trauma unit

Objetivo: Analizar la competencia profesional del personal de enfermería en la unidad de trauma. Metodología: Investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva y transversal, que fue desarrollada con 47 profesionales de enfermería. Este grupo se desempeñaba en cuatro sectores de riesgo de la unidad de trauma de un hospital público en el noreste de Brasil. Se aplicó un cuestionario validado sobre la competencia profesional del personal de enfermería en emergencias, compuesto por módulos y dominios, entre ellos variables sociodemográficas, formación profesional, caso ficticio y autoevaluación de las acciones diarias correspondientes a la realidad laboral. La recolección de datos se realizó de julio a septiembre de 2019. Para el análisis de datos, se utilizó estadística descriptiva, el software SPSS y la prueba de chi-cuadrado. Para verificar la significancia, se adoptó un valor de p<0.05. Resultados: Se observó que la mayoría de personas participantes eran del sexo femenino, especialistas y tenían más de una relación laboral. En cuanto a los dominios ''relaciones de trabajo'' y ''práctica profesional'', las personas participantes se autoevaluaron como ''muy competentes'' o ''extremadamente competentes'' en todas las acciones que retratan la realidad de trabajo en que están insertas. En el dominio ''excelencia profesional'', la acción ''participa periódicamente en simulación realista en emergencias'' fue la única evaluada como ''poco competente''. En el caso ficticio, en las tres declaraciones, más de la mitad de las personas participantes calificó el comportamiento de la persona profesional en enfermería como ''extremadamente competente'', ''muy competente'' o ''competente''. Conclusión: La mayoría de profesionales en enfermería no juzgaron correctamente las acciones realizadas por la persona enfermera en el caso ficticio, aunque se autoevaluaron como competentes en las acciones que realizan diariamente. Por lo tanto, el estudio plantea la necesidad de que el servicio invierta en educación permanente vinculada al compromiso profesional para garantizar una atención de alta calidad.

Objetivo: Analisar a competência profissional do enfermeiro na unidade de trauma. Metodologia: Pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva e transversal, desenvolvida com 47 enfermeiros que atuavam em quatro setores da unidade de trauma do hospital público no nordeste brasileiro. Aplicou-se questionário validado sobre a competência profissional do enfermeiro em emergências composto por variáveis sociodemográficas, de formação profissional, um caso fictício e autoavaliação das ações diárias correspondente à realidade do trabalho. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos meses de julho a setembro de 2019. Para análise dos dados, utilizou estatísticas descritivas, o software SPSS e teste do qui-quadrado, para verificar significância adotou-se valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Observou-se que a maioria dos enfermeiros eram do sexo feminino, especialistas e possuíam mais de um vínculo empregatício. Referente aos domínios ''Relações de Trabalho'' e ''Prática Profissional'', os enfermeiros se autoavaliaram como ''muito competente'' ou ''extremamente competente'' em todas as ações que retratam a realidade de trabalho na qual estavam inseridos. No domínio ''Excelência profissional'' a ação ''Participa de simulação realística em emergências periodicamente'' foi a única avaliada como ''pouco competente''. No caso fictício, nas três afirmativas, mais da metade dos enfermeiros julgaram como ''extremamente competente'', ''muito competente'' ou ''competente'' a conduta do enfermeiro no caso. Conclusão: A maioria dos enfermeiros não julgaram corretamente as ações realizadas pelo enfermeiro no caso fictício, mesmo se autoavaliando como competentes nas ações que desempenham diariamente. Sendo assim, o estudo levanta a necessidade do serviço de investir em educação permanente atrelado ao empenho profissional para garantir cuidados de alta qualidade.

Aim: To analyze the professional competence of nurses in trauma units. Methods: This was a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study developed with 47 nurses who work in four areas of the trauma unit of a public hospital in the Northeast of Brazil. A validated Likert Scale questionnaire was applied to evaluate the professional competence of nurses during emergencies; this scale included sociodemographic variables, professional training, a fictitious case, and a self-assessment of daily activities related to the reality of work. The data collection was carried out from July to September 2019. To analyze the data, the researchers employed descriptive statistics or the SPSS software and a qui-square test to verify the significance using a p value of <0.05. Results: It was observed that the majority of the nurses were female specialists who had more than one employment relationship. Regarding the domains ''Work Relations'' and ''Professional Practice'', the nurses assessed themselves as ''highly competent'' or ''extremely competent'' in all the actions that portray the reality of work in which they are immersed. In the ''Professional Excellence'' domain, the action ''periodically participates in realistic simulation in emergencies'' was the only one evaluated as ''little competent''. In the fictitious case, across all three statements, more than half of the nurses rated the nurse's behavior in the case as ''extremely competent'', ''very competent'', or ''competent''. Conclusion: Most of the nurses do not correctly judge the actions performed by the nurse in a fictitious case, even when they self-assess themselves as competent in the actions they perform daily. The study also raises the need for the service to invest in permanent professional training endeavor to guarantee competent labor and high-quality care.

How To Do Critical Appraisal of Any Research Article

In both biomedical research and medical academia, research publications serve a critical role. There are a huge number of research publications published all around the world. However, only a small percentage of them are good and have any research or academic worth. So, properly evaluating published publica-tions has become vital in this circumstance. This article is intended with medical graduates and post-graduates in mind, in order to clarify them how to critically evaluate research publications. It may also be used to write published research articles in an indirect way. A collection of questions is supplied to cover all aspects of a published research paper. To assess the quality of an article, a score system based on the following questions can be established.

National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021 – A critical perspective

More than 8% of the global population is affected by a rare disease and >50% affected are children (30% of whom will die before 5 years). There are 6,000-8,000 classified rare diseases – 80% are genetically based – with less than 500 FDA approved treatments (or <5% have therapies) available to treat them. Lack of standard definition and community-based epidemiological data in India limits the estimation of prevalence and/or disease burden; though extrapolations at 6% to 8% show 72 to 96 million affected individuals. The Government of India approved the “National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021” on 30th March 2021. It is a step in the right direction; at the time it necessitates optimal utilization of allocated resources and timely appraisal of the policy itself.

Formación profesional y competencias en Enfermería / Professional training and competencies in Nursing

Objetivo: Analizar el proceso de formación profesional y competencias en las prácticas preprofesionales por internos de enfermería de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes. Método: Tipo observacional descriptiva. Resultados: El 63% considera que su experiencia en las prácticas preprofesionales que brinda la carrera de Enfermería, son pocas satisfactorias. Conclusión: se constató la importancia de atender a la demanda colectiva de atención a disposición del profesional, En lo que se necesita de ingreso del elemento de prevención y promoción de salud en la formación. Se sugiere la realización de actividades de capacitación y actualización en la formación por competencias en Enfermería.

Objective: To analyze the process of professional training and competencies in pre-professional practices by nursing interns of the Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes. Method: Descriptive observational type. Results: 63% considered that their experience in the pre-professional internships provided by the Nursing career were not very satisfactory. Conclusion: The importance of attending to the collective demand for care available to the professional was noted, which requires the inclusion of the prevention and health promotion element in the training. It is suggested the realization of training and updating activities in the training by competences in Nursing.

Strategies for Collection and Analysis of Samples in Simple Asphyxiant Gas Acute Poisoning Death Cases / 法医学杂志

At present, the death cases of simple asphyxiant gas acute poisoning are increasing sharply. Common asphyxiant gases in death cases include nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, methane, propane, laughing gas, etc. Simple asphyxiant gas has no affinity for biological matrices and escapes quickly, which puts forward new requirements for autopsy procedures, selection and collection of samples, laboratory analysis and identification. This paper reviews the research and development process of death cases caused by simple asphyxiant gas acute poisoning and put forwards the collection and analysis strategy of the samples in such cases. The most valuable biological samples in such cases should be lung tissues associated with the airways, followed by brain tissue and cardiac blood. Gaseous samples from the esophageal cavity, tracheal cavity, pulmonary bronchi, gastric and cardiac areas are also recommended as valuable samples. In the case of postmortem examination, the gas should be injected into gas sample bag directly. Biological materials such as tissue and blood should be directly sealed in head-space vials and analyzed by using the headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Research on the Identification Model of Medical Damage / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To understand the perceptions of doctors, patients and forensic examiners on the current situation of medical disputes and medical damage identification in China, and to explore the medical damage identification model that is more conducive for the resolution of medical disputes.@*METHODS@#A questionnaire was designed, and in-service clinicians, forensic examiners and inpatients in Sichuan Province and Chongqing City were randomly selected from April to November 2019. SPSS 22.0 software was used to analyze the data of various survey results.@*RESULTS@#Compared with patients (24.92%), doctors (61.72%) believed that the current doctor-patient relationship was more tense than before; both doctors and patients were more inclined to choose voluntary consultation and people's mediation to resolve medical disputes; forensic examiners have the highest level of cognition of medical and health-related laws and regulations, followed by doctors and patients; 66.72% of doctors and 78.41% of patients believed that medical damage identification was necessary, and they were more inclined to entrust forensic identification institutions; different groups all believed that forensic examiners and doctors should participate in the identification together, 80.94% of doctors believed that the appraisal institutions should be responsible for the forensic opinion, not the appraiser.@*CONCLUSIONS@#It is suggested that the Medical Association identification and forensic identification should learn from each other and formulate basic unified rules for the identification of medical damage. It is suggested to standardize the behavior of medical damage forensic identification institutions and appraisers, to improve their own appraisal level, actively invite clinical medical experts for consultation in identification, and promote the standardized, scientization of forensic identification.

Comparison of Medical Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in China and Abroad / 法医学杂志

Medical disputes are one of the common problems concerned by the whole world. All countries and regions have established their own medical dispute resolution mechanisms, in accordance with their own national conditions. Medical dispute identification opinions, as one of the important bases for identifying the responsibilities of both doctors and patients, play a pivotal role in the process of dispute settlement. A reasonable medical dispute resolution mechanism and standardized medical dispute identification model can help resolve disputes flexibly and reduce the conflict between doctors and patients. This paper briefly compares the medical dispute resolution mechanism and identification mode of China and several other representative countries (the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, etc.), and discusses their respective characteristics and shortcomings, to bring some enlightenment to the medical dispute resolution and identification in our country.

Quality of Clinical Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from Kenya, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Nepal

@#The objective of this study was to describe and compare the quality of clinical guidelines for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) from Kenya, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Nepal. Alumni from “peoples-uni” were invited to review and evaluate T2D clinical management guidelines used in their settings. The “Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch & Evaluation II” (AGREE II) instrument was used to evaluate the guidelines. Each guideline was randomly allocated to three assessors, who evaluated the guidelines separately and allocated scores for items on the AGREE II tool. The guidelines from Zimbabwe and Kenya scored generally better than the Tanzania and Nepal guidelines. The main areas that needed the most improvement across all the guidelines were rigour of development (41%), applicability (40%) and editorial independence (35%). There is a need to improve several aspects of T2D clinical guidelines, which is a useful starting point to improve management of these patients.

Critical appraisal

@#Critical appraisal is the process of reading published research to make a judgement on its scientific value (validity), and to consider how its results can be applied in family and community practice (applicability). There are four main elements of critical appraisal in EBFP i.e., relevance, validity, results, and applicability. Some family practitioners are not so comfortable with appraisal because of their poor background in research. But we developed the guide questions for critical appraisal simple and provide advice on what and where to look for it in the published evidence.